Lesson article
Spot the signal, compare it, then read it in context
Read all 3 sections in order. Notice the target form, compare it with the nearby alternative, then use the reading and practice below to check the meaning in context.
Section 1 of 3
Source: 〜によると
Noun + によると means 'according to....' It introduces information from a source such as a report, forecast, survey, or article.
Target signal
天気予報によると、明日は雨です。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
The source is explicit.
Vocabulary notes
- によると
- according to
- です
- to be (polite); is; am; are
- よる
- night
Compare in context
新聞によると、その会社は来月新製品を出すらしい。
According to the newspaper, the company is apparently releasing a new product next month.
The statement is based on a report.
Vocabulary notes
- によると
- according to
- その
- that
- よる
- night
Section 2 of 3
Variation and Dependence: 〜によって
Noun + によって often means 'depending on' or 'according to differences in.' It shows that results or conditions vary by person, place, time, or method.
Target signal
人によって考え方が違う。
Ways of thinking differ from person to person.
The result varies by individual.
Vocabulary notes
- によって
- depending on; by
- って
- colloquial quoting or topic particle
- 考え
- idea; thought
Preview
地域によって言い方が違う。
The way of saying it differs by region.
Variation is determined by region.
Vocabulary notes
- によって
- depending on; by
- 言い方
- way of saying; expression
- って
- colloquial quoting or topic particle
Section 3 of 3
Agency, Cause, and Method in Reading
In more formal writing, 〜によって can also mean 'by' in the sense of agency, 'because of' for cause, or 'through / by means of' for method. Read the noun before によって and ask whether it is a source, a condition, an actor, a cause, or a means.
Target signal
この建物は有名な建築家によって設計された。
This building was designed by a famous architect.
Here 〜によって marks the agent.
Vocabulary notes
- によって
- depending on; by
- この
- this
- って
- colloquial quoting or topic particle
Preview
台風によって電車が遅れた。
The trains were delayed because of the typhoon.
Here it marks cause.
Vocabulary notes
- によって
- depending on; by
- って
- colloquial quoting or topic particle
- 台風
- typhoon
Preview
この問題は話し合いによって解決した。
This issue was resolved through discussion.
Here it marks the means or method.
Vocabulary notes
- によって
- depending on; by
- この
- this
- した
- did