Lesson article
Spot the signal, compare it, then read it in context
Read all 4 sections in order. Notice the target form, compare it with the nearby alternative, then use the reading and practice below to check the meaning in context.
Section 1 of 4
Aiming for a result
Use 〜 to express a desired result or state.
Start with the example
、。
I make a memo so that I do not forget.
The goal is avoiding forgetting, not the act itself.
Notice the variation
、。
Please speak loudly so that everyone can hear.
Potential or ability expressions often pair with 〜.
More detail: how to apply this
〜 expresses a goal in terms of the result you want to happen.
Instead of focusing on the action itself, it focuses on the state you want to achieve or avoid.
Explain it another way
Try a different way of looking at the same idea.
Distinguish the outcome someone hopes to enable from the action used to support it.
is the action taken to enable understanding. The sentence gives the aim, without independently proving every child understood.
。
I explained it so that even children could understand.
Distinguish the outcome someone hopes to enable from the action used to support it.
Showing Try this approach: Everyday words.
Target signal
、。
I make a memo so that I do not forget.
The goal is avoiding forgetting, not the act itself.
Vocabulary notes
- ように
- so that; in order to
- します
- do
Compare in context
、。
Please speak loudly so that everyone can hear.
Potential or ability expressions often pair with 〜.
Vocabulary notes
- 話してください
- please speak
Section 2 of 4
Common patterns with potential and negatives
Common patterns with potential and negatives
Start with the example
、。
I practise every day so that I can read newspapers.
states the desired ability; is the action directed toward it.
Notice the variation
。
I explained it so that even children could understand.
The explanation is adjusted so the result becomes possible.
More detail: how to apply this
〜 is especially common when the goal uses a potential form, a negative form, or another expression that is not a direct voluntary action.
That is why it often contrasts with .
Explain it another way
Try a different way of looking at the same idea.
I practise every day so that I can read newspapers.
states the desired ability; is the action directed toward it.
、。
I practise every day so that I can read newspapers.
Return to the Japanese and locate the words supporting this meaning: I practise every day so that I can read newspapers.
Showing Common patterns with potential and negatives: Everyday words.
Target signal
、。
I practise every day so that I can read newspapers.
states the desired ability; is the action directed toward it.
Preview
。
I explained it so that even children could understand.
The explanation is adjusted so the result becomes possible.
Vocabulary notes
- 分かる
- to understand
- ように
- so that; in order to
Section 3 of 4
Reading the difference from ために
Distinguish the outcome someone hopes to enable from the action used to support it.
Reading the difference from ために
。
Step 1 of 3 · Notice the clue
identifies the intended audience inclusively: even children.
Step 1: Notice the clue
More detail: the reading method
When choosing between and 〜, check what comes before them.
If the clause describes a desired result such as , , or , 〜 is usually the better fit.
Explain it another way
Try a different way of looking at the same idea.
I set two alarms so that I would be able to wake up early.
A desired outcome using a potential form.
、。
I set two alarms so that I would be able to wake up early.
Return to the Japanese and locate the words supporting this meaning: I set two alarms so that I would be able to wake up early.
Showing Reading the difference from ために: Everyday words.
More examples
Target signal
、。
I set two alarms so that I would be able to wake up early.
A desired outcome using a potential form.
Vocabulary notes
- ように
- so that; in order to
- セット
- set; kit
Preview
、。
Please write slowly so that you do not make mistakes.
Negative result clauses often take 〜.
Vocabulary notes
- 書いてください
- please write
Section 4 of 4
Compare the meaning
Use the contrast to make a decision. Choose an answer before opening the explanation.
Example A
Example B
Your turn · decide before revealing
How do these two examples change the meaning?
More detail: what changes and why
Compare and .
foregrounds the goal action;
with potential foregrounds enabling the outcome.
Explain it another way
Try a different way of looking at the same idea.
Same words, two possible interpretations. Which has evidence?
foregrounds the goal action; with potential foregrounds enabling the outcome.
How do these two examples change the meaning?
Supported meaning: Study to pass / study so passing becomes possible
Use the sentence to choose between these interpretations; do not add information that is only in an answer choice.
Showing Compare the meaning: Everyday words.